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The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation for insulin provided by the manufacturer were 6. Each sample was run in duplicate. Difference of blood glucose levels compared between different test breakfasts. Difference of blood insulin levels compared between different test breakfasts.

Data analyses were conducted using R statistical software version 3. Descriptive statistics of all outcome variables were computed and tabulated. Missing and biologically implausible values of all measurements were imputed via multiple imputations 20 datasets imputed, 50 iterations per imputation using the mice package version 3. When subsequent analyses involved at least one variable with missing values, analyses were performed on all 20 datasets, and the outcomes were pooled via a random-effects approach.

Type I error rate was maintained at 0. Given the partial crossover nature of the study design, carrying the last observation forward i.

As such, to ensure a perfect balance, we decided a priori to replace the defaulting participants with new participants. Furthermore, due to the acute and short-lasting nature of the intervention, attrition is unlikely to be affected by the interventions and as such, could be considered as missing completely at random MCAR. Measurements of glucose and insulin during each visit were used to determine area under the curves AUC of glycemic control.

AUC of glycemic control were regressed on the presence of eggs, saturated fat and their interaction in the test breakfast controlling for the measure of interest at baseline in a mixed-effects model constructed using the lme4 package version 1. Code is available as a Supplement. One-hundred and thirty-nine subjects were screened for eligibility.

Eighty-four subjects were excluded for not meeting eligibility criteria or for declining to participate. Another seven participants were excluded during the study.

Descriptive characteristics of the study sample and each test group are presented in Table 3. Mean age of the whole study sample was The age of subjects ranged from 19 to 58 years.

There were, The mean BMI of the whole sample was Similarly, when AUC of insulin was regressed on the administered breakfast controlling for the serum insulin levels at the baseline in a mixed-effects model, including the CB as the reference category, none of the test breakfast vs.

Despite multiple interventional trials having been conducted to date to examine the effects of egg consumption on glycemic control, the interactive effects of the commonly consumed combination of eggs and saturated fat have not been studied. This study examined the acute effects of eggs, saturated fat, and their combination on glycemic control in a randomized controlled trial after administering isocaloric, macronutrient-matched test breakfasts.

Here, we did not observe a significant acute effect of eggs or accompanying saturated fat intake on the acute glycemic response when total energy and macronutrient composition were matched. These results are contrary to some previous acute interventional studies [ 25 , 26 ]. It is important to note that most of the previous studies provided total energy matched but not macronutrient matched breakfasts.

For instance, Ratliff et al. Similarly, Rains et al. This indicates that when the macronutrient composition become comparable the difference in glycemic response becomes minimal. Hence, our findings suggest that when controlled for total energy and macronutrient composition, consumption of eggs or saturated fat may not lead to acute impairment of glycemic control. Furthermore, some evidence suggests that routine egg consumption may improve glycemic control [ 4 , 5 , 6 ].

Notably, in our study, these subjects are habitual egg consumers thus eliminating the issue of altered glycemic response due to routine egg consumption playing a role in our findings. Several studies have shown the long-term benefits of egg consumption for glycemic control [ 4 , 5 , 27 , 28 ]. All these studies were conducted at least for 12 weeks duration. Therefore, we do not attempt to compare our results i. Our results suggest that at least in an acute setting, the beneficial [ 3 , 5 ] or often implied detrimental effects [ 6 ] of egg consumption on glycemic control are less likely to be apparent after the macronutrient composition of the test and control interventions are matched.

Saturated fat consumption is often thought to be associated with poor glycemic control and insulin resistance, especially when combined with eggs [ 13 , 29 ]. For instance, Koska et al. However, it should be noted that the main saturated fat source used in our breakfasts was butter.

Recent evidence suggests that dairy fat may be beneficial for glucose homeostasis [ 31 ]. It is unknown if replacing butter in our breakfasts with an alternative source of saturated fat may alter our findings. The diets were designed by a registered dietitian to resemble typical breakfast meals, and inordinate manipulations of ingredients were avoided.

This allowed us to better represent a more generalizable meal scenario while maintaining reasonable control over the most salient dietary factors related to glycemic control. In short, controlling for every single potential variable was impossible as realistic breakfasts were used. Although the four breakfasts were closely matched for energy and macronutrient composition, they were not matched for exact fiber content, glycemic load, or energy density. However, we tried to keep all the parameters including fiber content, glycemic index, and load and energy density as close as possible.

Similarly, using manufactured food might have influenced the outcome of the study as we cannot control the influence of miscellaneous contents such as presence of artificial sweeteners, soy products, and different types of dietary fibers. However, there is evidence that suggests that differences in dietary fiber content in these test breakfasts had minimal effect on acute glycemic control [ 32 ]. Moreover, the glycemic index and glycemic load differences between individual foods become insignificant when mixed meals are consumed [ 33 ].

However, this may have an indirect impact on the results as we were assessing acute glycemic control. Our study had several notable strengths. First, we used iso-caloric breakfasts that were also matched based on the macro-nutrient content. Comparison of macro-nutrient composition-matched diets increases the scientific rigor and hence the validity of our results. Second, implementing a repeated measures crossover design at least partially controlled for within-subject variability of outcome measures and improved the statistical power of the design.

Third, measurement of glycemic control via multiple parameters i. Fourth, we employed multiple imputations to impute missing data, taking the non-random nature of missingness into consideration.

While this approach was time-consuming, despite the high computational power of the computers used for the analyses, the outcomes of the analyses are likely to be less biased. Finally, we used a series of mixed-effects models that accounted for the nested nature of repeated measurements within subjects, while simultaneously comparing all three test breakfasts with CB. The province is introducing a lockdown for the unvaccinated.

The chancellor says this means that people who have not been vaccinated won't be able to leave home, unless it is for essential reasons like going to work, buying food or exercise. If infections continue to rise, the authorities say lockdowns for the unvaccinated could be introduced in other areas.

The far-right opposition Freedom Party has been campaigning on a platform of vaccine scepticism, a message that has found favour with many Austrians. It says the move will create a group of second-class citizens. Austria's seven-day incidence rate is far higher than in neighbouring Germany, where Health Minister Jens Spahn recently warned of a pandemic of the unvaccinated. On Thursday, Germany recorded more than 50, daily infections for the first time.

Germany's Unvaccinated people will in effect be barred from restaurants, hotels, cinemas and theatres in the state of Brandenburg from Monday, by a "2G" rule limiting access to people who have been vaccinated or have recovered from Covid. The Netherlands is also facing a surge in cases and hospital admissions, with a record 16, daily infections announced on Thursday.

The caretaker Dutch government is expected to announce Western Europe's first partial lockdown of the winter later on Friday. Reports suggest a three-week tightening of restrictions is planned, with non-essential shops along with cafes, restaurants and hotels required to shut at Public sports events including professional football would go ahead behind closed doors, sources say.

Please update your browser to see full interactive. This information is regularly updated but may not reflect the latest totals for each country. Due to revisions in the number of cases, an average cannot be calculated for this date. Source: Johns Hopkins University and national public health agencies. Figures last updated: 8 November , GMT. Have you been affected by the issues raised in this story? Share your experiences by emailing haveyoursay bbc.

Please include a contact number if you are willing to speak to a BBC journalist. You can also get in touch in the following ways:. If you are reading this page and can't see the form you will need to visit the mobile version of the BBC website to submit your question or comment or you can email us at HaveYourSay bbc. Please include your name, age and location with any submission. If Cade Cunningham or Saddiq Bey miss time, the ripple effect probably means Diallo is elevated to the rotation.

Even if Jerami Grant or Trey Lyles were to miss time, Diallo is a prime candidate to be the beneficiary. And, of course, Diallo can do something to win playing time even if nobody is unavailable simply by winning the opportunity with practice performances.

Yeah Buddy Meeeshigan : Josh Jackson is earning himself a long-term contract. Is there any money left to sign him long term before he becomes an unrestricted free agent at the end of the year? Jackson signed a two-year deal as an unrestricted free agent with the Pistons last fall. Contracts of less than three years are not eligible to be extended. So Jackson will become an unrestricted free agent next summer.

No way around it. And Hayes likes playing off the ball, so the expectation is that it will benefit him, too. Paul Phoenix : The biggest surprise?

How pathetic this offense is. La Cartuja will be different from the Eurocopa. It has to be like hell, so we can fly. La Roja News. By Alan Feehely - 11 November , Posted by Alan Feehely 11 November , Tags La Roja Luis Enrique.