How many eruptions has stromboli had

However, during the end stages of scoria-cone formation, it is not unusual for Strombolian activity to wane and give way to the calm extrusion of basaltic lava flows. As a general rule, a'a lava flows appear to be more common than the more fluid pahoehoe types.

As the vesiculating lava is de-gased toward the end of the eruption, it may ooze out from under the volcanic edifice to produce a lava flow, or pond in the vent to produce a lava lake. This will only occur if the underlying basalt is fluid enough to flow, which has not proved to be the case at Stromboli itself. A classic example of a Strombolian-type eruption was the Paricutin eruption in , about miles west of Mexico City. This eruption marks the first time scientists were able to observe the complete life cycle of a volcano, from birth to extinction.

Three weeks before the Paricutin eruption occurred, the people near Paricutin village heard the rumbling noises that resembled thunder, yet they were confused because the skies were clear of clouds. The noises were associated with earthquakes at depth near Paricutin. Spatter Cones Mount St. Find Other Topics on Geology. Maps Volcanoes World Maps.

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Tephra fell in the towns of Liscione and Roccette. The event damaged the infrared camera at Pizzo m elevation. INGV reported that during July activity at Stromboli was characterized by ongoing explosive activity mainly from three vents in Area N north crater area and three vents in Area C-S south-central crater area. Moderate explosions from both areas ejected lapilli, bombs, and ash with decreasing frequency and intensity through the week.

INGV reported that during March activity at Stromboli was characterized by ongoing explosive activity mainly from three vents in Area N north crater area and at least three vents in Area C-S south-central crater area. Lava effused from the northern-most vent located on the edge of Area N for about four hours, beginning at on 28 March, and traveled down the Sciara del Fuoco all the way to the coast.

Variable-intensity explosions from Area N occurred at a rate of events per hour and ejected lapilli and bombs m above the vents. Ejected tephra fell onto the flanks and some blocks rolled down the Sciara del Fuoco to the coast. Explosions from Area C-S occurred at a rate of events per hour and ejected coarse material mixed with ash to heights less than m above the vents.

INGV reported that during 24 February-3 March activity at Stromboli was characterized by ongoing explosive activity mainly from three vents in Area N north crater area and at least three vents in Area C-S south-central crater area. INGV reported that during December activity at Stromboli was characterized by ongoing explosive activity mainly from three vents in Area N north crater area and at least three vents in Area C-S south central crater area.

On 27 December lava began effusing from a vent in Area C-S and traveled a few hundred meters in the upper part of the Sciara del Fuoco. Variable-intensity explosions from Area N occurred at a rate of events per hour and ejected lapilli and bombs 80m to at least m above the vents.

Ejected tephra fell onto the flanks and some blocks rolled a few hundred meters along the Sciara del Fuoco. Spattering occurred from vents in the S part of Area N. Medium- to- high-intensity explosions from Area C-S occurred at a rate of events per hour and ejected coarse material to heights sometimes greater than m above the vents.

Material was deposited along the upper parts of the Sciara del Fuoco. INGV reported that during 25 November-1 December activity at Stromboli was characterized by ongoing explosive activity mainly from three vents in Area N north crater area and at least three vents in Area C-S south central crater area.

Low-to-medium-intensity explosions from Area N occurred at a rate of events per hour and ejected lapilli and bombs m above the vents. Medium-intensity explosions from Area C-S occurred at a rate of events per hour and ejected coarse material to heights less than m above the vents. INGV reported that during 30 October-5 November activity at Stromboli was characterized by ongoing Strombolian activity and degassing from multiple vents within the crater terrace.

Explosions originated at a rate of per hour from vents in Area N north crater area and at a rate of per hour from vents in Area C-S south central crater area.

Explosions from Area N ejected lapilli and bombs no more than m high, while explosions at Area C-S ejected tephra to heights under m. INGV reported that the paroxysmal eruption at Stromboli recorded at on 28 August produced an ash plume that rose 4 km above the summit. The eruption consisted of three explosions; the first two occurred at the Area C-S South Central crater area , and the less intense third event occurred at Area N north crater area and ejected material onto the Sciara del Fuoco.

Material from the collapse of the eruption plume contributed to the generation of a pyroclastic flow that traveled down the Sciara del Fuoco and several hundred meters out to sea. Morphological changes to Area N were evident after the paroxysm. The complex of small scoria cones, which had grown around the vents during the last few weeks, were destroyed.

During an overflight on 30 August volcanologists noted that Area N had collapsed and contained three vents generating Strombolian activity, and Area C-S had one large crater exhibiting Strombolian activity. Strombolian activity resumed after the paroxysm on 28 August; lava flows from Area N reached the coastline by The next day lava from Area N flowed halfway down the Sciara del Fuoco at on 29 August and shed material from the front that rolled down to the coast.

A new explosive sequence at Area C-S began at and produced tephra fall in Ginostra 1. A low-intensity explosion was recorded at A lava flow from Area C-S reached the sea during the early part of 30 August.

Strombolian activity persisted at moderate levels during 31 August-3 September. The event of strongest intensity occurred at , generating an ash plume that rose more than 2 km above the crater area and a pyroclastic flow that traveled down the Sciara del Fuoco and several hundred meters out to sea. The report noted a similarity in intensity of the eruption to the 3 July paroxysmal event based on the seismic data.

At least nine vents in Area N north crater area, NCA were active on 7 August, three of which had well-formed spatter cones, with Strombolian activity ejecting material m high. Lava from Area C-S vents continued to travel down the upper part of the Sciara del Fuoco, reaching m elevation. Vents in Area N north crater area, NCA produced low-to-medium-intensity explosions at a rate of events per hour, ejecting lapilli and bombs less than m high. The vents of Area C-S South Central crater area generated explosions of intensities variable between low and very high and at a rate of events per hour.

Tephra was ejected over m high. Lava from Area C-S vents continued to travel down the S part of the Sciara del Fuoco shedding blocks that rolled all the way to the coastline. INGV reported that the paroxysmal explosive sequence at Stromboli on 3 July changed the morphology of the crater terrace. After the paroxysmal event explosive activity rapidly decreased, though it remained more intense than normal. The vents of Area C-S South Central crater area produced explosions regularly during July, and fed lava flows that traveled about halfway down the Sciara del Fuoco.

Material from the lava-flow fronts rolled all the way to the coastline. An intense paroxysmal explosive sequence at Stromboli on 3 July resulted in injuries to tourists climbing the volcano and one death. An explosion from Area C-S at was followed by lava effusion and a flow that traveled into the upper part of Sciara del Fuoco.

At different times during lava overflowed from all vents and a strong explosion occurred at N1 at The paroxysmal phase began at ; two lateral blasts presumably from Area C-S were recorded at and , just 10 seconds apart from each other. The main paroxysmal explosion, at ejected incandescent material that fell onto the flanks and generated an ash plume rose 4 km above the summit that drifted SW.

Material from the lateral explosions and eruption column collapse generated two highly turbulent pyroclastic flows that reached the sea. Hot material set fire to vegetation on the W side of the island. Strombolian activity resumed at , though the explosions were more intense than normal. Spattering from Area C-S continued on 4 July, feeding lava flows that continued to enter the ocean. INGV reported that during 30 June-2 July activity at Stromboli was characterized by ongoing low-to-medium intensity Strombolian explosions and degassing from multiple vents within the crater terrace.

The event lasted for about 28 seconds, ejected material that fell onto most of the crater terrace and into the Valle della Luna, and widened the vent. INGV reported that during 3 and June activity at Stromboli was characterized by ongoing Strombolian explosions and degassing from multiple vents within the crater terrace.

Explosions from two vents N1 and N2 in Area N north crater area, NCA occurred at a rate of per hour, ejecting material 80 m high and producing ash plumes. Explosions from two vents S1 and S2 in Area C-S South Central crater area occurred at a rate of per hour, ejecting material m high.

Gas plumes rose from vent C. INGV reported that during April activity at Stromboli was characterized by ongoing Strombolian activity and degassing from multiple vents within the crater terrace, though activity intensified on 19 April. Explosions from the N1 vent ejected lapilli and bombs mixed with ash no more than m high. Low-intensity explosions at the N2 vent ejected tephra to heights under 80 m.

Vent C produced gas emissions. Incandescent material from S1 jetted as high as m above the crater. Explosions from two vents at S2 ejected tephra more than m high. INGV reported that during September activity at Stromboli was characterized by ongoing Strombolian activity and degassing from multiple vents within the crater terrace. Low-to-medium-intensity explosions from the N1 vent ejected lapilli and bombs mixed with ash as high as m.

Explosions of variable intensity at the N2 vent ejected tephra m high. Vent C produced gas emissions, and periodic low-intensity explosions ejected tephra 80 m high. Incandescent material from S1 jetted m above the crater.

Low-intensity explosions at S2 ejected tephra less than 80 m high. INGV reported that activity at Stromboli during July was characterized by ongoing Strombolian activity and degassing from multiple vents. Explosions mainly from two vents in Area N north crater area and three vents in Area C-S South Central crater area occurred at a rate of per hour, except four per hour were recorded on 15 July. Low-intensity explosions from the N1 vent NCA ejected lapilli and bombs as high as 80 m.

Explosions at the N2 vent NCA ejected tephra m high. Vent C Area C-S produced gas emissions and sporadic spattering. Low-intensity explosions at S2 Area C-S ejected tephra less than 80 m high. INGV reported typical activity at Stromboli from 7 to 13 May, with hourly low-intensity explosions to heights of less than 80 m ft above the crater, in the North crater area. Fine ash as well as lapilli and bombs were ejected. The South Central crater area vents produced between hourly, low-intensity explosions, also to heights of less than 80 m above the crater.

Continuous degassing was also observed from these vents. No significant variations were reported in seismological, deformation, or geochemical parameters. The first explosion, recorded at , ejected an abundant amount of ash, incandescent material, and large blocks to a height of m that fell onto the summit area and along the Sciara del Fuoco. An explosive event at was characterized by modest lava fountaining. The last event, recorded at , ejected pyroclastic material, though it was less intense than the first.

An ash plume from the sequence quickly dispersed SE. Explosions at N1 ejected lapilli, bombs, and sometimes ash less than m high, and less intense explosions at N2 emitted ash no higher than 80 m. Continuous gas emissions rose from C. A high-energy explosive sequence began at vent C at on 19 March and lasted about 40 seconds. The first explosion ejected ash and incandescent material that fell in a radial distribution around the crater.

Two subsequent explosions ejected incandescent material as high as 80 m. Tephra fell along the Sciara del Fuoco, towards the NE parts of the island. At an explosion at N2 ejected lapilli m high. INGV reported after an effusive eruption during August-November , activity at Stromboli remained at modest levels. In recent months however activity was characterized by frequent explosions from different vents on the crater terrace, punctuated by four major explosions on 26 July, 23 October, 1 November, and 1 December Activity remained high after the last explosion, prompting authorities to restrict access to the summit areas.

In the late morning on 15 December one of the vents began spattering, and by lava flows from two vents had begun to fill the crater depression. At the lava spilled onto the N flank of the Sciara del Fuoco. Spattering rapidly stopped later in the afternoon and the lava flows stopped advancing. The explosions ejected coarse pyroclastic material onto the Sciara del Fuoco, in the direction of Pizzo Sopra la Fossa, and produced a dense ash plume that quickly dissipated to the S.

Seismicity returned to normal levels after the events. The explosions ejected coarse pyroclastic material onto the Pizzo Sopra la Fossa, and produced a dense ash plume that quickly dissipated to the SE.

Explosive activity at the second vent, N2, ejected tephra m high that fell within the crater terrace as well as beyond the crater rim. Intense spattering at N2 was noted on 26 June. Explosions from the N Area vents occurred at a rate of events per hour. Explosions from the S1 vents also part of the CS Area ejected tephra m high. Explosions from the CS Area occurred between 5 and 10 events per hour. INGV reported that although unfavorable weather conditions often obscured views of the active vents at Stromboli during August, some of the hourly explosions were recorded by a webcam.

Explosions mainly occurred from two vents in the S part of the crater and one vent in the N part. Low-to-medium intensity explosions from the N vent ejected coarse material mixed with ash. The S vents were variably active, with some explosions ejecting coarse material tens of meters above the crater rim.

The report noted that the rate of explosions, geochemistry, and seismicity were all at low, normal levels for Stromboli, with the exception of an increased number and intensity of very-long-period earthquakes on 22 August. On 16 October INGV reported that during the previous two months effusive activity continued at Stromboli from a vent at m elevation. Lava flows traveled as far as the lower part of the Sciara del Fuoco.

During the previous few weeks there were sporadic ash emissions from summit vents that were sometimes accompanied by ejected incandescent pyroclastic material. On 13 August INGV reported that at Stromboli lava continued to flow along the E edge of the Sciara del Fuoco with a consistent effusion rate and reached the coast in the early morning.

INGV reported that during August, a new lava overflow occurred from the crater terrace of Stromboli in the central part of the Sciara del Fuoco. This new lava flow began on 6 August accompanied by large landslides of hot material that reached tens of meters onto the ocean surface. On August, a second lava overflow occurred from the north of the crater terrace that covered a plateau at m elevation and six arms of the flow reached the sea.

A new lava flow that began on 7 July flowed from the high part of Sciara del Fuoco N2 and followed the path of the previous flows. A hot avalanche occurred at that reached the coastline and was followed by a lava flow. Two other lava flows began from the same location N2 ; one during the afternoon of 9 July that was accompanied by small landslides and another on 10 July.

INGV reported that during June Stromboli erupted a small intracrater lava flow, a lava flow from the crater mouth on the N, and a lava flow on the Sciara del Fuoco on the S. The flows were accompanied by intense spattering and a high frequency of explosions on 29 June.

Activity on 17 June occurred in the morning within the central part of the crater terrace Bocca S2 and included explosive spattering. This activity lasted for a few hours and produced a small lava flow directed toward Pizzo Sopra la Fossa.

A sharp increase in Strombolian activity began from all of the craters on 22 June, depositing voluminous material along the Sciara del Fuoco. During the evening this flow slowed, and then stalled the following day when Strombolian activity decreased. Stromboli again produced small lava overflows from the crater terrace on the afternoon of 27 February through the following night, after an interval of 10 days of normal Strombolian activity. A second episode of lava overflow started on the evening of 1 March and ceased the next afternoon.

Both overflows were fed by continuous spattering from vent N2, which lies at the top of a hornito perched on the N rim of the crater terrace. Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo reported that a new phase of intermittent effusive activity at Stromboli, which consisted of small overflows of lava from the crater terrace, began on 8 February and continued until the morning of 17 February. During this interval several episodes of effusive activity occurred in the N and NW sectors of the Sciara del Fuoco, producing lava flows that traveled several tens to a few hundred meters.

Lava overflows ceased on the afternoon of 10 February, but effusive activity resumed in the early morning hours of the next day. On the afternoon of 11 February, three small lava flows were visible on the upper slope of the Sciara del Fuoco; the westernmost flow traveled a few hundred meters. That evening two of these flows remained active and continued to be fed until the morning of 12 February.

The more westerly of the flows then stopped, whereas the flow traveling N continued until the early afternoon. After an interval of non-visibility due to inclement weather conditions, a new lava flow traveled NW in the evening of 12 February. This flow progressively diminished, but was still active at about on 13 February. The vent N2, perched on the NW rim of the crater terrace, produced continuous spattering, which also fed a small lava flow parallel to the already active flow.

Spattering continued for a few hours, and then diminished during the late afternoon of 14 February. Subsequently, effusive activity diminished considerably, and only very small lava overflows extended a few tens of meters NW. In the morning of 17 February, all effusive activity ceased and mild Strombolian activity resumed.

On 9 February Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo reported that after about three weeks of normal explosive activity, new, small lava overflows again occurred on Stromboli's crater terrace. The first overflow started in the morning of 8 February, producing a small lava flow that descended the upper NW slope of the Sciara del Fuoco, and ceased during the afternoon.

The second overflow began shortly after midnight on 9 February and produced a lava flow that traveled N. Bad weather prevented surveillance video transmission after ; when the transmission resumed at , the feeding of the lava flow had diminished, and the active flow front was retreating upslope, generating frequent rockfalls. In the late afternoon of 9 February lava effusion ceased altogether, but resumed once more during the early morning hours of 10 February, generating a small flow that slowly advanced downslope for a few tens of meters.

The lava front continuously produced incandescent rockfalls. During the day, lava emission progressively diminished, and ceased completely in the late afternoon.

On 15 January Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo reported that overflowing lava from vents lying just below the rim of the northernmost explosive vent on Stromboli's crater terrace generated small lava flows that traveled down the N and NW sectors of the Sciara del Fuoco.

Landslides caused by the sliding and rolling of loose rock material on the steep slope of the Sciara del Fuoco sometimes accompanied the lava flows. At night during January, effusive activity ceased, then only very small lava overflows were observed on the evening of 17 January and during the night of January.

On 10 January Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo reported that since the morning of 23 December overflowing lava from vents lying just below the rim of the northernmost explosive vent on Stromboli's crater terrace generated small lava flows that traveled down the N and NW sectors of the Sciara del Fuoco. In addition, the rapid accumulation of spatter during intense explosive activity often generated small flows that were accompanied by numerous landslides.

During the intervals between the main effusive episodes, lava was extruded at extremely low rates from the vents, resulting numerous incandescent blocks descending the Sciara del Fuoco.

Sometimes small lava flows advanced for a few tens of meters before disintegrating into blocks, such as on the morning of 10 January In all cases, the effusion of lava was preceded, and often accompanied, by intense explosive activity on the crater terrace.

A report on 15 January noted that intermittent emissions of small lava flows from the crater terrace continued, sometimes accompanied by landslides caused by the sliding and rolling of loose rock material on the steep slope of the Sciara del Fuoco. Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo reported that the persistent explosive activity at Stromboli showed a clear increase on 21 November with episodes of spattering and low lava fountaining from two vents located in the N and central portions of the crater terrace.

Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo reported that during the morning of 9 August a new episode of weak spattering occurred on Stromboli's crater terrace, generating a small intra-crater lava flow. The source vent was located in the central portion of the crater terrace.

Regular explosive activity also continued from the vents located in the N and S parts of the crater terrace. Spattering continued into the afternoon, then ceased.

Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo reported that during the late evening of 1 August a vast accumulation of incandescent material appeared at the base of Stromboli's N1 vent, the northernmost active vent within the crater terrace at about m elevation.

Within a few minutes, the material collapsed and slid downslope, creating two small lobes of lava. The more easterly flow descended the N slope of the Sciara del Fuoco, generating small landslides from the loose material on the slope, and marking the first lava effusion event outside of the crater since a small emission during December The lava accumulated on a flat area near hornitos that were formed during , before continuing further down a steep slope. On 2 August the lava had descended to m elevation and advanced very slowly.

During the afternoon effusion appeared to have diminished. Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo reported that on 5 July a high pyroclastic jet formed in the S part of Stromboli's crater terrace producing tephra that fell back onto the Pizzo sopra la Fossa.

Seismic data indicated that other craters on the terrace were also active. A similar but less powerful explosion occurred from the same vent on 10 July. INGV-CT reported that on 17 February a series of strong explosions from the northernmost vent of Stromboli's summit area led to the accumulation of hot scoriaceous material on the external N flank of the crater. Activity continued at elevated levels from two vents in the northern portion of the crater terrace through 23 February.

INGV-CT reported that on 19 December a major explosion from a vent in the southern part of Stromboli's crater terrace occurred at , coincident with explosive sequence consisting of three discrete seismic events. During the last few days of December the "S1" vent produced frequent explosions of greater intensity than those of the preceding days.

Jets rose m above the crater terrace. On 27 December, the frequency of the explosions rose to per hour. The "S1" vent is immediately next to the "S" vent, the source of the 19 December explosion. The first explosion ejected coarse-grained pyroclastic material, followed by fine-grained tephra, more than m above the crater terrace.

A slightly less intense explosion occurred less than a minute later. The third and weakest explosion ejected material m above the crater, generating an ash plume that dispersed over the W and NE parts of the island. Poor weather conditions prevented visual observations using the web camera monitoring system. The event on 30 June was stronger, with several explosions occurring in a short time.

Fallout from incandescent blocks triggered vegetation fires. INGV-CT reported strong explosions from Stromboli on 10 March mainly from craters located in the N part of the crater terrace, a flat area in the upper part of Sciara del Fuoco a depression cutting the NW flank of the volcano. After one of the more powerful explosions, lava flowed over the NW edge of the crater terrace for tens of meters before fragmenting and producing small landslides of hot material that likely reached the sea.

Observers reported that on 5 November five active vents at Stromboli were visible at the bottom of the crater terrace, which subsided about m since March Lava fountains from a vent in the SW crater were sustained for over one minute and spattering was observed from two vents in the central crater. The vents erupted about every five to ten minutes to one hour.

Source: Stromboli On-Line. On 9 March, the vent at m elevation that fed the lava flows closed and another vent opened on the N flank of the NE Crater at m elevation. It remained active for less than 24 hours. After it closed, the m vent re-opened and lava again flowed to the sea.

On 15 March, a major explosion occurred during an effusive flank eruption. Lava from a fissure on the NE flank of Crater 1 the NE crater flowed down the Sciara del Fuoco and formed two branches that reached the sea, resulting in steam plumes and a modified coastline. Explosive activity from the summit craters ceased when the lava flowed from the fissure, but gas puffing accompanied by small landslides inside the craters started again after 3 March.

Based on news reports, lava from Stromboli was observed flowing from two craters near the summit on 27 February. One lava flow traveled down the flanks more than m and reached the sea.

Several explosions per hour were audible. A plume emitted from Stromboli that may have contained ash was visible on satellite imagery on 14 October at a height around 1. INGV-CT reported that explosive activity at Stromboli's three summit craters increased after 10 February, leading to significant growth of the cinder cones inside the craters.

Several powerful explosions, especially from Crater 1 the NE crater and Crater 3 the SW crater , sent scoriae m above the craters. These powerful explosions led to fallout of fresh bombs and lapilli on Il Pizzo Sopra la Fossa an area atop the volcano about m above the crater terrace in early March.

As of 8 March, Strombolian activity was occurring at the volcano, with variations in the number and frequency of explosions within normally observed limits, and the intensity of explosions at the higher limit of commonly observed activity.

No ash was visible on satellite imagery. According to aviation reports from the U. Air Force, the web camera at Stromboli captured light ash emissions on 7 and 11 November. INGV-CT reported that after the effusive eruption at Stromboli ceased between 21 and 22 July, explosive Strombolian activity became more common at both summit craters.

Four active vents were observed within Crater 1 the NE crater , and one funnel-shaped incandescent depression was seen within Crater 3 the SW crater. Strombolian activity during the first half of August was very intense at Crater 1, with spattering that led to the creation of a spatter cone on the crater floor and fallout of incandescent bombs on the cone's outer flanks. Explosive activity at Crater 3 appeared to be deeper than at Crater 1 and was often accompanied by ash emission.

During the first half of August thermal images of the apparently inactive flow field revealed a thermal signature within cracks on the upper flow field and within skylights along two lava tubes in the upper Sciara del Fuoco, at about m elevation. Incandescence and thermal signatures at these sites were not seen between 22 and 31 July.

Strombolian activity occurred almost continuously in July, with spatter often falling outside the rim of Crater 1 the NE crater.

Mainly degassing and sporadic ash emissions occurred at Crater 3 the SW crater , with Strombolian explosions becoming more common during the second half of July. Erosion of the N flank of Crater 1 by landslides in the upper Sciara del Fuoco increased in July, with the 30 December landslide scar extending backward and upslope, cutting the flank of the cone just 50 m below the crater rim.

Lava effusion from vents located at about m elevation on the upper eastern corner of the Sciara del Fuoco decreased beginning in early June, completely stopping between 21 and 22 July. INGV-CT reported that the effusive eruption that began at Stromboli on 15 February on the upper eastern corner of the Sciara del Fuoco a horseshoe-shaped scarp continued until at least 16 June, with a general decrease in lava-effusion rate.

Most ejecta fell within the crater and pulsating dark ash was emitted. On 11 June lava flows were occasionally emitted from hornitos at m elevation. Discontinuous ash emission occurred from the summit crater until mid-June. This photo shows the volcano and town of Stromboli. Photographs courtesy of and copyrighted by Mike Lyvers. Most eruptions at Stromboli consists of small gas explosions that hurl incandescent blobs of lava above the crater rim. Several explosions occur each hour. Larger eruptions and lava flows are less frequent.

When this type of eruption is observed at other volcanoes it is often referred to as a Strombolian eruption. Violent eruptions are rare at Stromboli. In , four people were killed and twelve homes destroyed by blocks, some of which weighed 60 tons 50 metric tons.

In , during the largest eruption of Stromboli this century, three people were killed by pyroclastic flows.